英語検定　１級(2023年第2回No.4)

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2-4		英語検定(１級)　筆記	2023年第2回(No.32～No.41)
次の英文を読み、(32)から(34)の各質問に最も適切なものを、1～4 の中から一つ選びなさい。
問32		Question: According to the author of the passage, what is the main belief that influences the ideas of long­termists? 答え： ( 32) (1) Human behavior has greatly decreased the chances Earth will remain habitable for a long period of time, so governments must prioritize efforts to increase these chances. (2) Since the survival of all life on Earth is more important than the survival of any single species, humans should not put their own needs first. (3) Predictions by artificial intelligence indicate that the chances of humans being pushed to extinction by nuclear weapons are increasing rapidly. (4) Since there are far more people who have not yet been born than there are alive today, we should give priority to their lives.
問33		Question: What criticism of Toby Ord's views does the author of the passage mention? 答え： ( 33 ) (1) The technology required for transhumanism is unlikely to become a reality because humans will not have access to the necessary resources. (2) The types of goals he believes humans should pursue would likely come at the sacrifice of efforts to help people in need. (3) The idea of living in space or altering human bodies is so unnatural that it would never be acceptable to the majority of people. (4) Although long­termism's goals would likely be effective in some societies, they are not suitable for more traditional ones.
問34		Question: Which of the following statements would Nick Bostrom most likely agree with? 答え： ( 34 ) (1) Although addressing climate change is essential, it is one area where the effects on humanity in the immediate future outweigh the long­term effects. (2) The fact that many people do not realize the extreme danger of climate change makes it even more dangerous. (3) The negative effects arising from disasters related to climate change would likely have little effect on humanity in the long term. (4) There has been so much misinformation about climate change that people fear it would cost more lives than it actually would.
次の英文を読み、(35)から(37)の各質問に最も適切なものを、1～4 の中から一つ選びなさい。
問35		Question: In the first paragraph, what is implied about China during the eighteenth century? 答え： ( 35 ) (1) It did not accept the ideas of Western European intellectuals, which resulted in a society that lacked the cultural knowledge necessary for innovation. (2) The fact that it had very different attitudes toward innovation from Western Europe was most evident in the type of intellectuals it most valued. (3) It resisted the idea of becoming an empire, which made economic competition with Western Europe more difficult in later years. (4) The fact that it was more politically unified than Western Europe caused it to experience less of the innovation that benefited Western Europe economically.
問36		Question: What is one thing we learn about the "Republic of Letters"? 答え： ( 36 ) (1) Because its members were more interested in financial success than in broad intellectual freedom, they were not always eager to share their ideas with other markets. (2) It was an important force behind the intellectual unity that Western Europe experienced despite the region's fragmented nature. (3) Because it allowed Christianity to gain so much influence in various markets, it resulted in less innovation than some historians have suggested. (4) It was mainly focused on promoting the creation of a single, dominant empire that would unify the various countries in Western Europe.
問37		Question: Which of the following statements about the European Union would Matt Ridley most likely agree with? 答え： ( 37 ) (1) The fact that it does more to promote science than independent governments do means its member states are leading the way in technological innovations. (2) It is negatively affecting the governments of its member states by interfering with their ability to create their own policies regarding their economies. (3) It seems to be operating with the idea that globalization is a bigger priority than achieving harmony and unity within Europe. (4) Because of the past harmful rivalry between the British and the Dutch, there is a need for it to do even more to bring European nations together.
次の英文を読み、(38)から(41)の各質問に最も適切なものを、1～4 の中から一つ選びなさい。
問38		Question: According to the author of the passage, the Spanish encomienda system in the New World was (1) or (2) or (3) or (4) 答え： ( 38 ) (1) based on Spain's traditional land­management system but was heavily revised for use in non­Christian territories. (2) an idea that failed because the landowners in the New World were able to hide most of their actions from the Spanish government. (3) the result of an attempt to find a compromise between the competing interests of landowners and Christians who wanted to convert the indigenous people. (4) a way for the Spanish government to gain wealth from the New World while pretending that its primary goal was to promote Christianity.
問39		Question: What is one thing that we learn about the Cumaná venture? 答え： ( 39 ) (1) It helped to change Bartolomé de Las Casas's attitude, causing him to give up his slaves and ask Spain's king to help indigenous people. (2) It failed because other Spanish people's actions had angered the indigenous population so much that they violently opposed attempts to control them. (3) It began successfully, but ended in disaster when the indigenous people realized the Spanish were trying to turn them into slaves. (4) It convinced Las Casas that converting the indigenous people to the Christian religion was not possible.
問40		Question: Las Casas’s plan to help indigenous people in the New World (1) or (2) or (3) or (4) 答え： ( 40 ) (1) caused diseases to be imported from Africa that killed huge numbers of the very people that he was trying to save. (2) was rejected by people in Europe because they thought that African slaves would not be able to survive in a foreign environment. (3) shows that while Las Casas pretended to care about indigenous people, he was actually more interested in helping the Spanish king. (4) might have had the unintended effect of helping to change the reasons that Spain used to justify forcing people into slavery.
問41		Question: What is one thing that we learn about A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies? 答え： ( 41 ) (1) Due to its complexity, it failed to make the suffering of indigenous people clear to other European nations that were using slaves. (2) It influenced other European nations' behavior toward indigenous peoples, but not in the way that Las Casas had intended that it would. (3) It helped create the impression that Spain's actions in its colonies were more appalling than those of other European nations. (4) Although it was meant to reduce conflict between European nations operating in the New World, it instead caused it to increase greatly.