英語検定　準１級(2023年第1回No.4)

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1-4		英語検定(準１級)　筆記	2023年第1回(No.32～No.41)
次の英文を読み、(32)から(34)の各質問に最も適切なものを、1～4 の中から一つ選びなさい。
問32		Question: What is one thing that we learn about the US chicken industry before the 1940s? 答え： ( 32) (1) The type of chicken raised on each farm usually depended on the climate in the area where the farm was located. (2) Each farm would raise more than one type of chicken in case there was a sudden change in environmental conditions. (3) Chickens were generally only eaten by very poor people or at times when there were food shortages. (4) Because there were so many chicken farms across the country, many of the eggs produced ended up being wasted.
問33		Question: The US Department of Agriculture organized the Chicken of Tomorrow contest because (1) or (2) or (3) or (4) 答え： ( 33 ) (1) other types of meat, such as pork and beef, were becoming more expensive, so the American people wanted a cheaper alternative. (2) most chicken farms were focused on egg production, which led to a need to create a chicken that was more suitable for producing meat. (3) a large number of chicken farms in America went out of business, which severely decreased the availability of chicken meat. (4) the American people were tired of eating the same type of eggs for so long, so producers wanted a different type of chicken.
問34		Question: What is one way that the contest affected the chicken industry? 答え： ( 34 ) (1) Farmers learned that it was relatively easy to combine several types of chickens, which encouraged them to breed new varieties. (2) Although the number of small chicken farms increased across America, many of these were often poorly run and had cheap facilities. (3) It started a move toward keeping chickens in conditions that increased the birds' suffering and made them less healthy. (4) Farmers realized that improving their farming methods could help them to raise chickens that produced more and better­tasting meat.
次の英文を読み、(35)から(37)の各質問に最も適切なものを、1～4 の中から一つ選びなさい。
問35		Question: What has psychological research shown about the use of punishment in schools? 答え： ( 35 ) (1) It is only likely to be effective when it is used together with rewards in order to reduce its negative effects. (2) Though it may succeed in producing better behavior in the short term, it can actually be harmful in the long term. (3) There are various new types of punishment that are far more effective than physical punishment. (4) Using some form of punishment is necessary for forcing students to obey teachers and respect their classmates.
問36		Question: According to the passage, what is one effect the use of rewards has on students? 答え： ( 36 ) (1) It can teach them the advantages of hard work and make them better at focusing on their academic goals. (2) It causes them to want material things and makes them less aware of the need to behave in ways that are pleasing to other people. (3) It can prevent them from developing important skills that would be beneficial to them later in life. (4) It helps them to realize the importance of deciding their own goals rather than just doing what their teachers tell them to do.
問37		Question: What does Ross Greene believe about children's brains? 答え： ( 37 ) (1) Helping children solve their own problems can promote the development of the part of the brain that controls behavior. (2) Since the brains of younger children function in a different way to those of older children, different methods of dealing with behavioral issues are necessary. (3) The region of the brain known as the prefrontal cortex may be less important in controlling children's behavior than some scientists believe it is. (4) Bad behavior does not only have a negative effect on children's academic performance but also permanently prevents the normal development of their brains.
次の英文を読み、(38)から(41)の各質問に最も適切なものを、1～4 の中から一つ選びなさい。
問38		Question: What happened following the death of King Alexander III of Scotland? 答え： ( 38 ) (1) Scotland was able to trick King Edward I into choosing John Balliol even though it was not in Edward's interest to do so. (2) King Edward I began to question the loyalty of the Scottish nobles who had not supported John Balliol's attempt to become king. (3) King Edward I attempted to use the situation to his advantage in order to increase his power over Scotland. (4) Scotland felt so threatened by France's military power that diplomatic relations between the countries worsened.
問39		Question: What problem did Robert the Bruce face after he became king of Scotland? 答え： ( 39 ) (1) Although he was a great military leader, his lack of political skills led him to negotiate a poor agreement with England. (2) The disagreements he had with his rivals about religion caused many Scottish people to stop supporting him. (3) The religious differences between Scotland and England made it likely that Scotland would be attacked again. (4) Because of the things he had done to gain power, Scotland could not get the support it needed to be safe from England.
問40		Question: In the year the Declaration of Arbroath was written, (1) or (2) or (3) or (4) 答え： ( 40 ) (1) it became clear that the Pope considered it a priority to recognize Scotland's independence as a nation. (2) the Pope attempted to encourage peace between England and Scotland despite not acknowledging either Robert or his country. (3) the promise of peace between England and Scotland was endangered by Scotland's attempt to get help from the Pope. (4) Scotland was able to achieve enough international recognition to get the Pope to admit that Robert was the country's true king.
問41		Question: What is one common interpretation of the Declaration of Arbroath? 答え： ( 41 ) (1) It demonstrates that Robert was actually a much better leader than people had originally thought him to be. (2) It brought a new way of looking at the duty that a country's ruler had to the people he or she was governing. (3) It reveals that there was much more conflict between Scottish rulers and nobles at the time than scholars once believed. (4) It suggested that a beneficial system of government was not possible with a king or queen ruling a country.