英語検定　１級(2023年第2回No.4)

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1-4		英語検定(１級)　筆記	2022年第2回(No.32～No.41)
次の英文を読み、(32)から(34)の各質問に最も適切なものを、1～4 の中から一つ選びなさい。
問32		Question: When multinational corporations make agreements with indigenous peoples, (1) or (2) or (3) or (4) 答え： ( 32) (1) there has been a tendency for both parties to entrust the drawing up of legal rights such as patents and trademarks to an independent party. (2) there are often significant differences in the way that the parties involved understand fundamental concepts contained in the documents. (3) the parties involved generally disagree more about issues regarding medicines than they do about other types of products. (4) there is a need to explain not only the benefits indigenous peoples will receive but also the fact that their cooperation is vital to ongoing research.
問33		Question: In the second paragraph, what does the author of the passage state about efforts to prevent biopiracy? 答え： ( 33 ) (1) Legislation and treaties would be much more effective if both corporations and indigenous peoples were consulted during their creation. (2) There have been some signs that biopiracy is declining, but indigenous peoples say that the efforts have not gone far enough. (3) Local laws have generally been much more successful at decreasing biopiracy than international treaties have. (4) Their lack of success is largely the result of the difficulty of creating clear rules that every country will agree to follow.
問34		Question: Which of the following statements would the scientists who wrote the article mentioned in the final paragraph most likely agree with? 答え： ( 34 ) (1) Biopiracy is often disguised as conservation research, so this type of research should be more carefully regulated. (2) Although medical technologies like genetic engineering are advancing, they are creating greater risks of indigenous people being harmed by biopiracy. (3) Regulations designed to prevent biopiracy have the potential to interfere with essential research that could save endangered species. (4) Scientists' attempts to steal taxonomy research from one another present a far more serious problem than biopiracy does.
次の英文を読み、(35)から(37)の各質問に最も適切なものを、1～4 の中から一つ選びなさい。
問35		Question: According to the author of the passage, what is one problem with the nebular hypothesis? 答え： ( 35 ) (1) Although it accurately predicts that planets can change locations in the solar system, its predictions do not apply to other objects in space. (2) It does not sufficiently explain how gravitational forces affected the size and location of the sun during the early formation of our solar system. (3) Using it to model the history of our solar system has produced results that do not match what we currently know about certain planets. (4) It was based partly on inaccurate astronomical theories about the manner in which solar systems in distant areas of the universe formed.
問36		Question: “Hot Jupiters” are signi?cant because (1) or (2) or (3) or (4) 答え： ( 36 ) (1) they are evidence that the temperatures of frost lines detected in other solar systems have little connection to how planets are formed. (2) their size strongly implies that many of the other planets found in our solar system were once much smaller than they are now. (3) they support theories suggesting that the size of a star is directly related to the orbiting distance of its planets. (4) their existence appears to provide evidence to support the idea that planets do not always remain in the same orbits.
問37		Question: What can be inferred about the "grand tack" scenario based on the third paragraph? 答え： ( 37 ) (1) It could reasonably explain why Mars was not pulled into the sun and destroyed during the early days of the solar system. (2) The probability of life evolving on Earth would likely have been a great deal lower if it had never occurred. (3) There is a lower chance of life existing on large planets in solar systems where such events have taken place. (4) Solar systems where such events have never happened are likely to have planets that resemble Jupiter and Saturn.
次の英文を読み、(38)～(41)の質問に最も適切なものを、1～4 の中から一つ選びなさい。
問38		Question: According to the passage, what is true regarding the political situation in Ireland in 1914? 答え： ( 38 ) (1) The outbreak of a major war had caused a conflict to arise between the Irish Parliamentary Party and various Protestant groups that had once supported it. (2) Opposition to the Home Rule Bill had grown because support for the Irish Parliamentary Party had become much weaker. (3) Although it lacked widespread public support, the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) was determined that Ireland should become fully independent from Britain. (4) The debate surrounding Home Rule helped to unite Protestants and Catholics in their opposition to fighting in World War I.
問39		Question: What is one point the author of the passage makes about the uprising that occurred between April 24 and 29, 1916? 答え： ( 39 ) (1) If the IRB had waited until the start of the battle near the Somme River, the British may not have had sufficient troops to defeat the rebels. (2) The rebels failed to secure important strategic sites that would have greatly weakened British troops’ ability to defeat them. (3) The British used a large amount of force to strike fear into civilians, thereby limiting the possibility that they might join the rebels. (4) The rebels who took part included people who felt some loyalty to Britain, which made them less willing to harm British troops.
問40		Question: The British reaction following the 1916 uprising was problematic on the grounds that (1) or (2) or (3) or (4) 答え： ( 40 ) (1) thousands of rebels were found guilty in military courts, despite the fact that few had played any significant role in the fighting. (2) it was later admitted by the government that its own troops had violated many of the same military laws it used to sentence the rebels. (3) the government made the situation worse by encouraging the commanding officer to conduct the rebels' trials in secret. (4) the way rebel leaders were tried and convicted did not adhere to the correct and proper procedures established by military law.
問41		Question: Which of the following statements best describes the impact of the 1916 uprising? 答え： ( 41 ) (1) The subsequent political success of Sinn Féin proved the electoral process should have been utilized from the beginning to facilitate change in Ireland. (2) Although the incident itself did not bring about immediate change, it eventually led to considerable progress being made toward the rebels' goal. (3) The uprising was significant because the military tactics employed during it would become invaluable in helping Ireland succeed in later conflicts. (4) Although the event resulted in destruction and loss of life, it was justifed because it marked the end of Ireland’s conflict with Britain.