英語検定　１級(2023年第3回No.4)

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3-4		英語検定(１級)　筆記	2023年第3回(No.32～No.41)
次の英文を読み、(32)から(34)の各質問に最も適切なものを、1～4 の中から一つ選びなさい。
問32		Question: Thomas Jefferson opposed the Bankruptcy Act of 1800 because (1) or (2) or (3) or (4) 答え： ( 32) (1) he worried that it would delay the United States' evolution from an old­fashioned nation based on farming to a modern one based on commerce. (2) although he thought that bankruptcy protections were important for creditors, he was concerned about corruption problems. (3) the issue of states claiming more rights was so concerning that he did not want any laws that would give them more power. (4) he felt that it would allow moneylenders to unfairly take over the property of people who fell into debt due to factors beyond their control.
問33		Question: What was one reason that demand for national bankruptcy laws increased? 答え： ( 33 ) (1) State laws seemed to be responsible for the rise in the number of bankruptcies during the common financial crises that affected the nation. (2) It was easier for lenders who lived in the local area to get their money back in bankruptcy cases than it was for people who lived out of state. (3) Some states’ laws were enforced so strictly that people complained they were interfering with economic recoveries. (4) As agriculture became more associated with commercial activities, there was more need for bankruptcy protection for farmers.
問34		Question: What was one thing that affected the Bankruptcy Act of 1898? 答え： ( 34 ) (1) As the cost of building toll roads and railways rose, they became more likely to fail, increasing support for adding legal protections for them. (2) The large number of corporate bankruptcies throughout the century caused later politicians influenced by Henry Clay to support the law. (3) A change in the status of corporations meant that people began to accept that the national government could be involved in their bankruptcies. (4) People realized that it was actually a lack of protection for corporations that had caused the failure of previous bankruptcy laws.
次の英文を読み、(35)から(37)の各質問に最も適切なものを、1～4 の中から一つ選びなさい。
問35		Question: Although mutations play an important role in evolution, (1) or (2) or (3) or (4) 答え： ( 35 ) (1) they are usually the result of other mutations caused by changes that occur in the environment an organism inhabits. (2) there is increasing evidence that they can accumulate far more quickly than was previously believed to be possible. (3) it appears that they are much less likely to be spontaneous than was previously thought to be the case. (4) they cannot fully explain the speed at which the various changes that arise in organisms tend to occur.
問36		Question: What is surprising about DNA methylation? 答え： ( 36 ) (1) It involves a molecule that is able to inherit the traits of the DNA it is attached to and pass them along to another species. (2) It is a phenomenon that can not only influence the traits of an organism but can be passed down to future generations as well. (3) It can prevent genes from being activated and deactivated, making it difficult for cells to regulate proteins. (4) It appears to have a much greater effect on the offspring of some types of organisms than it does on others.
問37		Question: What is one thing that is suggested by the mouse study? 答え： ( 37 ) (1) It is easier to prevent epigenetic proteins from spreading out than it would be to repair mutations in a cell’s DNA. (2) Sunlight and common chemicals are more likely to cause genetic mutations than they are to affect disorganized genes. (3) As mice increase in age, the epigenetic proteins lose their ability to repair the cuts that occur in DNA. (4) Problems with epigenetic proteins are frequently the cause of genetic mutations that can lead to aging in mice.
次の英文を読み、(38)から(41)の各質問に最も適切なものを、1～4 の中から一つ選びなさい。 　 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
問38		Question: What was the main reason for the creation of the Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601? 答え： ( 38 ) (1) The unwillingness of the church to provide for poor people caused sympathetic members of the government to realize they had to take over. (2) The increasing strength of local governments brought pressure on the national government to do more for the poor. (3) Members of the upper class were afraid that poor people's dissatisfaction would cause the lower classes to rise up against the government. (4) A minority within the ruling class convinced other members that they needed to care more about the needs of the poor.
問39		Question: Attitudes toward the "undeserving poor" (1) or (2) or (3) or (4) 答え： ( 39 ) (1) reflected a lack of understanding about the root causes of joblessness among the people who created the poor laws. (2) demonstrated that some parts of England were less sympathetic to the elderly than those in other areas were. (3) tended to change as the economy went through different cycles and were affected by the amount of goods available. (4) usually depended on whether the people in an area were required to pay taxes to support the poor people living nearby.
問40		Question: What was one benefit of the Poor Law of 1601? 答え： ( 40 ) (1) It became easier for poor people to purchase farmland, leading to the development of the agriculture industry. (2) Since it reduced the number of people who needed to move in order to find work, it helped people to care for their families. (3) Progress in improving education and medical treatment was made, which helped the poor more than money from the government did. (4) By allowing young adults to leave their homes in the countryside, it encouraged the development of British industries.
問41		Question: Thomas Malthus argued that the poor laws "create the poor which they maintain" because he thought that the laws (1) or (2) or (3) or (4) 答え： ( 41 ) (1) cost the government so much that it was unable to spend money on things like education that benefit the poor more than financial aid. (2) encouraged poor people to have children who would also grow up to be poor, further increasing the number of people the government had to support. (3) motivated poor people to do things that were immoral and contributed to social problems that made poverty worse. (4) were deliberately created to maintain a class of poor people that the wealthy could exploit as a labor force for workhouses.