英語検定　１級(2024年第1回No.4)

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1-4		英語検定(１級)　筆記	2024年第1回(No.32～No.41)
次の英文を読み、(29)から(31)の各質問に最も適切なものを、1～4 の中から一つ選びなさい。
問29		Question: According to James Coleman’s report, (1) or (2) or (3) or (4) 答え： ( 29) (1) long years of racial segregation had had such a negative effect on Black people's education that it lowered their income levels. (2) it was much more important to attempt to improve education for Black people than it was to supplement their income. (3) although Black students did less well than White ones, this had more to do with their personal situations than the quality of their schools. (4) more information was needed to be sure whether the statistics about Black people's education were accurate or not.
問30		Question: What is one thing that is stated about the San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez court case? 答え： ( 30 ) (1) The Supreme Court misunderstood important aspects of Coleman's report, causing it to make a poor decision. (2) The Supreme Court's decision in the Rodriguez case was actually more significant than its past antisegregation ruling. (3) The Supreme Court's definition of "equal terms" seemed very different in the Rodriguez case than it did in its past antisegregation ruling. (4) The Supreme Court decided that although using property taxes to pay for schools leads to unfairness, it would not try to prevent it from happening.
問31		Question: Which of the following statements best summarizes the situation regarding education funding today? 答え： ( 31 ) (1) Although inequality among districts has been reduced, experts think lowincome communities should actually get more money than wealthier areas. (2) The fact that so few state courts have made decisions on education funding is complicating the situation for the Supreme Court. (3) All of the differing state strategies that have been implemented have led to a situation where unifying the policies is nearly impossible to achieve. (4) The fact that funding gaps between highand lowincome neighborhoods have worsened indicates that morequantitative data should be used when distributing funding.
次の英文を読み、(32)から(35)の各質問に最も適切なものを、1～4 の中から一つ選びなさい。
問32		Question: Why does the author of the passage mention viruses? 答え： ( 32 ) (1) To explain that the way digital organisms reproduce is extremely similar to the way that viruses replicate themselves. (2) To make the point that the definition of what is considered to be a living organism may need to be expanded. (3) To argue that programs like Avida may be extremely useful in understanding the way that viruses mutate and spread. (4) To suggest that studying them could reveal more about evolution than the organisms that researchers usually focus on can teach us.
問33		Question: What happened when Chris Adami changed the environment of the digital organisms? 答え： ( 33 ) (1) Those that could carry out basic tasks became able to reproduce themselves more quickly than others could. (2) They evolved to imitate many of the processes that biological organisms use to obtain energy from their environments. (3) Some of the organisms became much faster at performing advanced calculations than they were at performing very simple ones. (4) Many of the digital organisms began to evolve traits that resembled the functions of cells and metabolisms found in biological organisms.
問34		Question: What did Avida show about natural and digital ecosystems? 答え： ( 34 ) (1) Digital ecosystems tend to be more efficient than those in nature because the supply of resources is less limited. (2) The amount of resources available to organisms has a greater effect on natural ecosystems than it does on digital ones. (3) Ecosystems that have more resources available in them will always have more species residing in them than those with fewer resources do. (4) Both shortages and overabundances of resources can severely limit the number of different types of organisms in an ecosystem.
問35		Question: One criticism of Avida is that (1) or (2) or (3) or (4) 答え： ( 35 ) (1) it fails to stay uptodate with some of the latest theories regarding the various ways that evolution actually functions in nature. (2) it is possible that the way in which the makers of the software have programmed the simulation will bias the results they get. (3) its creators have purposefully ignored some important fossil and genetic evidence that could have a major impact on their simulation. (4) it tends to focus heavily on individual species' evolution rather than examining general processes related to gene evolution.