高校英語（レベルC<大学入試1回目>）

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No1 文章読解 英検準1級・TOEIC800点
次の英文を読み，質問に対する答えとして最も適切なものを４つの中から選びなさい。

　Energy-Efficient Homes

　Home improvements such as using insulation and energy-efficient windows to lower
　heating and air-conditioning bills can greatly affect quality of life for low-income families.
　In 2014, researchers at New York's Columbia University interviewed 20 renters and homeowners
　in a low-income community in New York City before and after helping
　those people make energy-efficiency upgrades to their homes.
　The researchers found cold and heat caused not only extreme physical discomfort but health problems as well.
　Increased heating costs in winter months also used up so much of people's budgets
　they were forced to reduce their calorie intake. Additionally,
　poor air quality due to reduced air-conditioner use can increase the risk of illness.
　People whose homes were upgraded reported greater physical and mental ease,
　as well as energy savings of around 30 percent, averaging $20 $60 per month.

　Despite these benefits, a study by University of Chicago economists
　was critical of the cost-effectiveness of government programs
　that provide money for energy-efficiency upgrades for low-income households.
　Around 7,500 households in Michigan were given an average of $5,000 worth of free upgrades
　as part of a larger energy-efficiency program.
　The researchers found that the measures reduced the households' energy consumption by
　about 10 20 percent each month.
　However, these savings would amount to an average of just $2,400 over the lifetime of the upgrades in other words,
　less than half the amount of the initial investment.

　The study also highlighted another issue regarding energy-efficiency programs.
　It had long been believed that low-income earners tended not to participate
　because they were unaware of the programs' existence.
　In the University of Chicago study, however, an intensive marketing campaign consisting of thousands of telephone
　calls and home visits raised the Michigan program's participation rate by only a few percentage points.
　The great expense and effort required for such a tiny effect indicates
　that it may be time to look for a new approach to improving living conditions among low-income earners.
問1
（１）What is one thing that the Columbia University study showed about low-income earners?

(ア) They tend to believe that energy-efficiency upgrades to their homes are more costly 　than they really are.
(イ) They are forced to reduce their spending on food because of the high cost of heating
in winter.
(ウ) They spend far less money on heating in winter than they spend on air conditioning
in summer.
(エ) They spend an average of 30 percent less on heating and cooling than people with 　middle or high incomes.

問2
（２）What is one criticism of the government's support for energy-efficiency improvements in Michigan?

(ア) The results varied so widely between participants that it was impossible to measure the program's effectiveness.
(イ) Some participants discovered that the changes ended up raising their home heating and cooling expenses.
(ウ) The total cost of home improvements was more than twice as much on average as the savings they would produce.
(エ) By trying to make improvements to so many homes, the government ended up doing poor-quality work that reduced cost savings.

問3
（３）The University of Chicago study suggested that

(ア) major increases in participation rates for energy-efficiency upgrade programs could be achieved by targeting low-income earners.
(イ) it is common for campaigns marketing energy-efficiency upgrades to be dishonest with low-income earners.
(ウ) combining energy-efficiency upgrades for low-income earners with in-home education programs makes the results more effective.
(エ) it is untrue that if more people knew about them, energy-efficiency upgrade programs for low-income earners would be successful.

 
次の英文を読み，質問に対する答えとして最も適切なものを４つの中から選びなさい。 

　Bonnie and Clyde: The First Modern American Film

　When the film Bonnie and Clyde was first released in 1967, critics hated it.
　Based on the true story of two lovers named Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow,
　who robbed banks together in the 1930s, the movie was called
　“tasteless,” “evil,” and “stomachturning” by early reviewers.
　It was also said to promote criminal behavior and was by far the most violent film ever shown in U.S. theaters.
　Today, however, it is regarded as a work of creative genius,
　and the beginning of modern American cinema.
　Since the 1930s, American directors had been following a set of industry guidelines known as the Hays Code.
　A main rule of the code was that movies should avoid the promotion of “crimes, wrongdoing, evil, or sin.”
　Bonnie and Clyde shocked the United States by going against this;
　the film showed its main characters enjoying their life of crime and expressing little guilt about shooting people.
　By making the police who chased them seem evil and focusing on the romance between the characters of Bonnie and Clyde,
　however, director Arthur Penn caused viewers to sympathize with the two characters.
　In fact, the tremendous popularity of these antiheroes led other filmmakers toinclude main characters
　that have strong dark sides in their films, and today such characters have become associated with American cinema.

　Another issue was that the Hays Code permitted limited violence,
　but blood and painful suffering were strictly forbidden.
　Bonnie and Clyde contains numerous acts of extreme violence,
　and Penn used innovative techniques such as quick cuts between scenes and slow-motion photography
　to make such scenes even more intense.
　Penn felt the general public was used to seeing violence because images of death
　and fighting from the Vietnam War were becoming common in the media.
　Further, violent crime in the United States was increasing,
　and Penn believed it was important to show how things really were.
　When Bonnie and Clyde became a huge hit, it demonstrated that the Hays Codehad lost its power,
　and the door was opened to the high levels of violence in cinema that are taken for granted today.

　Modern viewers of Bonnie and Clyde may be surprised because the film does not seem at all shocking now.
　However, this is because Arthur Penn's pioneering filmmaking techniques, use of antihero characters,
　and willingness to show realistic violence have been so widely imitated
　that they are now barely noticeable in the movie that pioneered them.
問4
（４）One reason that Bonnie and Clyde was shocking when it was released is that

(ア) the film failed to include a warning required by the Hays Code about the numerous acts of violence that were shown.
(イ) the director claimed he did not think the things Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow did were wrong.
(ウ) the main characters did things that did not meet the moral standards of the American film industry.
(エ) the inability of the police to arrest the two main characters made law enforcement officials look foolish.

問5
（５）Why did Arthur Penn put so much violence in Bonnie and Clyde?

(ア) He wanted his film to reflect changes that were taking place in American society at the time.
(イ) He realized that innovations in technology could be used to show morerealistic violence in movies.
(ウ) He was trying to criticize the extreme violence that was becoming common in American films about the Vietnam War.
(エ) He knew that if there were a lot of complaints about the violence in the film, the publicity would make the film a hit.

問6
（６）What does the author of the passage say about the way modern viewers may react to Bonnie and Clyde?

(ア) Viewers often find that the characters in the film actually appear to be more violent and evil than characters in modern films.
(イ) The film has had such a powerful influence that the things that once made it controversial seem very common now.
(ウ) Viewers are usually surprised by how greatly American culture has changed since Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow were alive.
(エ) Modern reactions to the film are due to changes Penn made after critics pointed out problems with his filmmaking style.